'Lithium Australia subsidiary
Introduction
EVs offer the potential to reduce the rate of climate change, as do BESS for renewable energy. Together, these technologies are contributing to the shift away from fossil fuels worldwide. That said, the resultant boom in battery production is placing supply-chain stress on the materials required, in particular nickel ('Ni') and cobalt ('Co'), which are integral to the LIB types preferred by EV manufacturers in the western world. Hence the growing popularity of LFP-type LIBs. Indeed, many factors will contribute to the growing demand for LFP, a market that is anticipated to increase five-fold by 2030 (see below).
Critical battery metals
Most EVs and many BESS contain lithium nickel cobalt manganese ('NCM') or lithium nickel cobalt aluminium ('NCA') LIB cells. However, if these battery chemistries continue to be used in those applications, the amount of lithium required by 2050 is likely to rise 20-fold, cobalt by a similar amount and nickel a staggering 30-fold (source: Benchmark Mineral Intelligence - Q2 Review 2020). It is inevitable, then, changes in battery chemistries will be required
Future battery technologies
Of the many LIB types being considered as substitutes for NCM and NCA, most are in the early stages of commercialisation. Only one, LFP is already widely available, and deservedly so, since it exhibits superior safety, longer life and lower cost, which are but a few of its benefits. A comparison of the main performance characteristics of the principal LIB types, as published by the
In addition to the attributes described above, LFP is a great candidate for future LIB applications since, compared with NCM and NCA, it contains less lithium and no nickel or cobalt whatsoever. Moreover, as battery recycling becomes the norm, use of LFP can ease supply chain pressure, as well as risk, by reducing the complexity of managing three critical components, lithium, nickel and cobalt, to just one - lithium. Similarly, use of LFP can reduce the environmental impact of the battery industry.
Battery trends
LFP has long been used in transport applications such as trucks and buses, where safety is paramount and its lower energy density (in comparison with NCM and NCA) is inconsequential. That said, major EV producers including Tesla, VW and BYD all adopted LFP for EVs built in
To date, LFP's one major shortfall has been its lower energy density in comparison to the other LIB chemistries. However, this is now being countered by the use of more efficient cell geometry and modifications to the LFP chemistry itself, mainly through the addition of manganese to produce lithium manganese ferro phosphate ('LMFP').
Over the past several years, as a means of combatting climate change, many governments globally have set higher targets for EV utlisation. But, to achieve EV penetration rates of around 40% by 2030, battery manufacturing capacity has to increase five-fold to around 2000 GWh annually.
Over the last 12 months, global demand for LFP has increased over 25%, bringing Chinese LFP cathode powder manufacturing up to over 100 thousand tonnes per annum ('ktpa') - only 2% of global LFP cathode powder production originates elsewhere.
So, with many EV producers already manufacturing LFP-powered vehicles inside
Global trends in LFP production are likely to follow that in
The expanding market for energy storage
Stationary energy storage driven by renewable energy and the transition to 5G communications is forecast to grow four-fold to 35 GWh by the end of the decade, potentially creating a market for nearly 90 ktpa of LFP cathode powder by 2030. (It's worth noting that LFP is already the favoured battery technology for replacing lead-acid batteries in the communications industry.)
Legislation encourages LFP use
Fire protection on NCM and NCA battery packs in EVs is likely to become mandatory in
The
Advancing cathode powder technology
To date
Manufacture of high-quality LFP cathode powders (27 Nov 2019).
Improving the energy density of LFP via the addition of manganese (3 Dec 2020).
Reducing the cost of LFP and LMFP cathode powders (16 Dec 2020).
The recent change in direction of the LIB market, resulting in LFP demand rising at a greater rate than competing LIB chemistries, and the lack of installed LFP production capacity outside
Conclusion
LFP battery chemistry is poised to dominate the LIB market and Company subsidiary
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